We insulate it using space blankets! Ultimately, this doesn’t keep all the heat out so spacecraft have a way of getting rid of extra heat. They do this using radiators (not like the ones at home). These are plates of metal that get hot, and are cooled down by looking at empty cold space.
Inside the spacecraft, there are also heaters and coolers, these are used to keep specific parts of the spacecraft at a certain temperature (normally scientific instruments are very fussy about their temperature).
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